Cranioplasty Training Innovation Using Design Thinking: AugmentedReality and Interchangeability-Based Mannequin Prototype

Abstract

Cranioplasty, a surgical procedure to reconstruct the anatomical structure of the human skull, is commonly
performed in Indonesia due to the malignancy of diseases, traffic accidents, and workplace
injuries. If left untreated, this condition can lead to serious complications. Although cranioplasty is
generally considered a relatively easy surgery, it has a fairly high postoperative complication rate of
around 10.3%. The decreasing availability of cadavers for anatomical studies has significantly limited
training opportunities. Therefore, efficient and effective training tools are essential, especially when
traditional resources are insufficient to meet educational needs. Additionally, the training capabilities
of commercially available mannequins or replicas used in medical institutions remain limited. The
main objective of this project was to develop a smart, modular cranioplasty training mannequin designed
for repeated use, incorporating Augmented Reality (AR) technology to visualize anatomical
structures that cannot be physically replicated. Using a design thinking approach, data was collected
through interviews with neurosurgeons, neurosurgery residents, and cranioplasty specialists, as well as
through a review of relevant literature. Usability testing of the developed prototype yielded promising
results, with high ratings for ease of use (4.8), training effectiveness (4.5), anatomical realism (4.3),
and material durability (4.5) on a 5-point Likert scale. These findings demonstrated strong user approval
and confirmed the model’s potential to support surgical skill development in a practical and
reproducible manner. The resulting AR-integrated training mannequin offers an innovative, engaging,
and durable solution to address current challenges in neurosurgical education, especially in resourceconstrained
settings.