Morphological Study of Affixation in Sasak Selaparang Dialect

Language has many important roles in our life especially for communication. We can imagine how our life will be without language. Every nation has its own language such as Indonesia with its own language and spoken by their native speaker for example Japanese spoken by Japanese society, Balinese by Balinese society and Sasak by Sasak society in Lombok West of Nusa Tenggara. Although Indonesia consist of thousand tribes and many different local languages, Indonesia has Indonesia language as its national language and spoken by all Indonesians. Actually this study gives some descriptions about affixation in Sasak especially in selaparang dialect which has a specific purpose to find out the form of affixation in Sasak in selaparang dialect. Furthermore, the method that is used in this study is descriptive qualitative method by giving arguments about the aspect of affixation in Sasak. Finally, the result of this study is found 22 (twenty two) affixes in Selaparang dialect which is divided into 4 (four) kinds of affixation namely 8 (eight) prefixes (/be-/,/peN-/, /me-/, /nge-/,/n-/ /te-/, /ke-/, and /se-/); 2 (two) infixes (- em, and –eg-); 3 (three) suffixes (/-an/ or/-ang/ /-q/, and /in/); 9 (nine) simulfixes (/bean/,/pe-an/,/peN-an/,/per-an/,/ke-an/,/te-an/, /me-an/ or /me-ang/, /nge-an/ or /nge-ang/,/n-q/ , and /n-an/ or /n-ang/).


INTRODUCTION
Language plays very significant role in human culture and history. Beside used for communicating, language is also used to record the history and science discovery. Language is reflection of society's custom and culture that use it (Kridalaksana, 2007). Therefore, Sasak as the one of the local languages in Indonesian that reflects Lombok society's culture and custom. One of Sasak role and function like other local languages. Sasak is a symbol of social-cultural values that reflects and bounds at the culture in a group of societies who use it (Halim, 1976). Therefore, local language as an instrument to support the culture must be preserved and protected extinction. In essence, all of the effort to preserve and to protect our local language, it is true that we protect and preserve our Indonesian national culture generally because local language and local culture support national language and national cultural.
Furthermore, I believe that we need to do any necessary efforts to preserve our linguistic diversity in order that we can pass it down to our next generation. By doing so, we can also pass down the intellectualism heritage. Hence, I decided to study my own mother tongue, Sasak for I do believe that any language can be endangered; and Sasak is no exception.
Basically I interested to do such library research of Sasak based on the following strong reasons; firstly, Sasak is spoken by 85% or so Sasak people, who never really gain strong economic or political power nationally or regionally, of total Lombok population of 2.7 million. Henceforth I think that Sasak might be declined someday because a language's fortunes are tired to its culture. Just as one language nods away over other when its speakers gain power economically or politically. But it diminishes when they lose that prominence. Crystal further describes that Welsh, the direct descendant of the Celtic language that was spoken throughout most of Britain when the Anglo-Saxon invaded, has long been under the threat from English because England's economic and technological dominance has made English the language of choice (David, 2000). Therefore, the number of Welsh speakers had been declined; secondly, many words in Sasak have never been used any longer by its speaker due to the preeminence of the imported (reference) stuff. Lelampak, for example, has never been used anymore to refer to sandals instead, sandal is more popular then lelampak nowadays or even many young people do not even know its existence.
By doing the scientific research on linguistics field of Sasak, I hope that it will bring some benefits to myself, as one of Sasak speaker, and to the Sasak itself. This study is expected to be able to prevent Sasak from vanishing because henceforth many younger Sasak speakers will be interested in learning more about Sasak and speak it in a more proper way. Or at least, it can generate more old Sasak words, which is about to die out, to be used as diction again.
More specifically, this study discusses morphological process of Sasak especially the affixation. This study tried to illustrate the significance of the role played by the affixation in Sasak carefully and draw in general, the form of affixation in Sasak. The discussion in this study gives a clear notion to the readers in order that they can follow the reader's conception.
Morpheme is constructed by two Latin words namely "morhe" that means "form" and "ema" that means of containing meaning (Yohanes in (W. K. Syarifaturrahman et al., 2021)). So, from these two combination of Latin word we can state that morpheme is the form that containing the certain meaning. Hocket, an American linguist, gives the definition and method of finding morpheme by simple way. According to him, morphemes are the smallest individual meaningful element in the utterances of language (Hocket in (Parera, 2007). While, Ramlan, in his book "Pengajaran Morphology" said that morpheme is smallest grammatical unit that has no other unit as it element (Ramlan, 1997). From the concepts given above we may say that they are actually the same meaning even though they expressed rather differently from one linguist to others.
Morpheme, which is determined by its distribution, can be classified into two categories that are free morpheme and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is that can be uttered alone or in isolation; whereas bound morpheme is morpheme that cannot be uttered alone or never occur in isolation. Free morpheme consists of root. While bound morpheme includes prefixes, suffixes, suprafixes, infixes, replacives, substractives and some root (Samsuri, 1994).
Word is one of the fundamental units of linguistic structure. Hocket, characterized word based on the pause and insolubility. He said, "word is those any segments or a sentence bounded by successive point at which pausing is possible" (Hocket in (Parera, 2007).
Leonard Bloomfield gave the definition of word as follow: "A free form, which consists of two or lesser free form as, for instance, Poor John and John runs away or yes sir, is a phrase. A free form, which is not phrase, is a word. A word is than a free form, which does not consist in entirely of two or lesser free forms: in brief, a word is minimum free form (Bloomfield in (Parera, 2007)" Minimum free form, as it is stated in the definition, is stated in the definition, is clarified in his other book " a set of postulate" as one form that can be uttered alone and meaningful, but free form cannot be separated into its part or, in other word its part cannot be uttered alone (Parera, 2007).
In his linguistics dictionary, Kridakasana said about word as morpheme or combination of morpheme which linguist suppose it as a smallest unit that can be uttered as free form (Kridalaksana, 2007). Meanwhile, Ramlan in his morphology book claims that word is the smallest free form. In other word, every free form is word (Ramlan, 1997).
It has long been recognized that word must be classified into at list of two categories, simple word and complex word. Simple word is a minimal unit and no way to analyze it or break it down further into meaningful part. This is closely related to morpheme that cannot be broken down any further into recognizable or meaningful part. Meanwhile, complex word is made up base morpheme (simple word) and any other morpheme attached to the base morpheme. In other word, complex word consists of two or more morpheme in combination (Akmajian et al., 2010). In discussing about word, we may also distinguish between content word and function word. Content word is a word that has meaning as independent word. This category includes noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. In contrast, function word is an isolated word, and it seems to have some functions either in phrase or in a sentence. It includes conjunction, article, demonstrative, and preposition (Akmajian et al., 2010).
In morphology, we discuss about the process of constructing a word from other word. This process is called morphological process. Every language has its own morphological process and so does sasak. However, it may or may not be the same from one language to another (Aridawati et al., 1995).
According to Parera in his book "Morphology", morphological process is defined as the process of constructing a word having complex morpheme either derivational or inflectional (Parera, 2007). Ramlan, (1997), further, states that morphological process of constructing a word from other unit of which they are the stems. Those stems can be word, bound, base, or phrase, they can also be combination of two words, one word, and one bound base or bound bases.
Talking about affixation, it is necessary to know what is affix. Akmajian et al., (2010) stated that affixes are referred to prefixes when they are attached to the beginning of another morpheme (like the prefix re-in words such as redo, rewrite, rethink) and as suffixes when they are attached to the end of another morpheme (like the suffix -ize in words such as modernize, equalize, standardize, centralize, etc).
The statement says that English has two models of affixes they are: prefixes and suffixes. Ramlan (1997) says that affix is an unit of bound grammatical that is an element of a word, it is neither a word nor a base word, and it has an ability to attach at other units to form word or a new base word.
Hence, affix is an element of the word, which cannot stand alone and has no meaning. Affix cannot stand alone but must be attached to another free morpheme, and the process to attach or to put affix to the base morpheme or free morpheme is called affixation. According to Ramlan (1997), affixation is the process of putting affix in the unity although unit of single form or complex form to create word.
Actually, this research use the Ramlan theory in term of affixation, Further Ramlan divided affixation into 4 (four) , there are prefix, suffix, infix, simulfix (Ramlan, 1997). 1) It is called prefixes because the bound morpheme is put at the beginning of the free morpheme or base morpheme; 2) It is called infixes because the bound morpheme is attached within free morpheme or base morpheme; 3) It is called suffixes because the bound morpheme is attached at the end of the free morpheme or base morpheme; 4) It is called simulfixes because the bound morpheme is attached at the beginning and at the end of the base morpheme or combination of both prefixes and suffixes.
Moreover, in English there are two kinds of affixes namely prefixes and suffixes (W. Syarifaturrahman et al., 2017). Then, How about in sasak especially on Selaparang Dialect? So that the writer interest in finding the kind of affixation in sasak especially on Selaparang Dialect .

Methodology
Method of this study is descriptive and explorative. Descriptive method is used to give all of the aspects of affixation in Sasak Language, whereas explorative method is used for exploration by reading and studying the result of the earlier research. Especially, in sasak language by looking at the elements relevant to this study.

Population and Sampling
In this study, the population is all of sasak people who speak ngeno-ngene dialect or selaparang dialect.  (Azhar, 1996).
Because of the width of the population in habitat the area, I decide to use random and quota sampling method. The using of the two methods is by interviewing 4 (four) of Sasak people in Mataram who come from the villages where the dialect Ngeno-ngene is used. By doing so, I take a part among the respondents life for investigating purpose.
All of the respondents chosen have a specific qualification as needed and also took from both male and female, different occupation such as fisherman, farmer, state officer, trader, and so on. Thus, it is truly expected that the data collected will be valid reliable, and representative.

Method of Collecting Data
To collect the data, I used the following steps: 1. Observation Observation is done toward feature and characteristic of the expression used, especially the expression that has relation with affixation in Sasak language.

Interview
Interview is focused to look for additional information and to verify the data.

Library research
It is done for two purposes; the first is to understand about linguistics especially in Selaparang dialect or Ngeno-ngene dialect.

Data Analysis
After collecting the data, I analyzed the data by the following steps, they are: 1. Representing the data obtained from the data sources All of the data gathered represented on the chapter four. The way to represent data divided into four columns of item, they are data column, bound morpheme column, free morpheme column, and the last is the meaning of free morpheme column. a. Data column. This column represented the data obtained from the data sources. The data represented based on its affixes. b. Bound morpheme or affixes column.
This column represented the bound morpheme or affixes of the data column (to find out the bound morpheme of the data gathered). c. Free morpheme column.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this part of writing, the writer would like to present the result of the data gathered in the previous process. The data gathered discussed and analysed that is expected to lead the result of investigation which is intended to answer the problem stated. From the table above, the writer found 8 (eight) perfixes in sasak especially in selaparang dialect they are /be-/,/peN-/, /me-/, /nge-/,/n-/ /te-/, /ke-/, and /se-/ then all of prefixes is productive in create the new word.

Prefixes
Prefixes /be-/ and /peN-/ are more productive prefixes than the others because it can be attached to the part of speech namely noun, verb, and adjective as the root (free morpheme) see data [1] to [7] in the table 1. Furthermore, prefixes /nge-/,/me-/ and /n-/, can be attached to the part of speech namely noun, and verb, as the root (free morpheme) ) see data [8,9,11,12,13,14]; then prefix /se-/ can be attached to the part of speech namely noun, and adjective as the root (free morpheme) see data [16] to [17] in the table 1. The last, prefixes /ke-/ can be attached to the part of speech namely adjective, as the root (free morpheme) ) see data [15] and /te-/ can be attached to the part of speech namely verb, as the root (free morpheme) ) see data [10] in the table 1.  Taunan -an/ -ang Taun  Year  tahun  4 Seribuan -an/ -ang seribu One thousand Satu ribu 5

Infixes
Tangkongan -an/ -ang tangkong cloth baju 6 Taliq From the table above, the writer found 3 (three) sufixes in sasak especially in selaparang dialect they are /-an/,or /-ang/, /-q/ and /-an/; then all of suffixes is productive in create the new word . Sufix /-an/ or /-ang/ is the most productive infix because it can be attached to the part of speech namely noun, verb, adverb, and adjective as the root (free morpheme) see data [1] to [5] in the table 3. Furthermore, suffixes /-q/, and /-in/, can be attached to one category of part of speech; suffix /-q/ may attach to the noun as the root (free morpheme) ) in form the new word see data [6] and [7]; then suffix /-in/ can be attached to the part of speech namely verb as the root (free morpheme) see data [8] in the table 3. From the table above, the writer found 9 (nine) sufixes in sasak especially in selaparang dialect they are /be-an/,/ peN-an,/ke-an/,/te-an/,/te-in/ /me-an/ or /me-ang/, /nge-an/ or /nge-ang/,/n-q/, /n-an/ or /n-ang/, and /se-an/ then all of simulfixes is productive in create the new word .

Simulfixes (combination of prefix and suffix)
Simulfix /be-an/ or /be-ang/ is the most productive simulfix because it can be attached to the part of speech namely noun, verb, adjective, numbering and adverb as the root (free morpheme) see data [1] to [5] in the table 4. Furthermore, simulfixes /peN-an/,/te-an/, and /te-in/ are also productive, they can be attached to the part of speech namely adjective, noun, and verb, as the root (free morpheme) ) see data [6,7,8,11,12,13,14,&15]; then simulfixes /ke-an/, /nge-an/ and /se-an/ can be attached to the part of speech namely 2 ( two) words category. Simulfix /se-an/ can be attached to number and noun as in data [22&23]; /nge-an/ can be attached to verb and adjective as in data [18&19] ; /ke-an/ can be attached to adjective and verb as the root (free morpheme) see data [9] to [10] in the table 4. The last, simulfixes /mean/ and /n-an/ are less productive because they just can be attached to the part of speech namely (one word category) verb as the root (free morpheme) ) see data [17,20,&21] in the table 4.